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Understanding Sciatica or Radicular Pain: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Updated: Dec 23, 2025



Sciatica, also known as radicular pain, refers to pain that radiates along the sciatic nerve, which runs from the lower back through the buttocks and down each leg. Sciatica occurs when the nerve is compressed or irritated, causing pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness along its path.


What is sciatica?


Sciatica is a type of nerve pain that originates in the lower back and travels down the leg. It can range from mild discomfort to severe pain that impacts daily activities. This condition is often caused by irritation or compression of the sciatic nerve, affecting how the leg and lower back feel and move.


Types of sciatica


Sciatica can present differently depending on the underlying cause:

Herniated Disc

The soft inner material of a spinal disc leaks and irritates or compresses a nearby nerve.


Spinal Stenosis

Narrowing of the spinal canal puts pressure on the sciatic nerve.


Degenerative Disc Disease

Age-related wear on spinal discs can lead to herniation and nerve compression.


Spondylolisthesis

One vertebra slips over another, potentially pressing on nerves.


Piriformis Syndrome

The piriformis muscle in the buttocks compresses or irritates the sciatic nerve.



How common is sciatica?


Sciatica affects a significant portion of adults, especially those aged 30–50. Many people experience it at some stage in life, with varying severity. While occasional sciatic discomfort is common, persistent or worsening symptoms require assessment by a healthcare professional.


What causes sciatica pain


Common causes of sciatica include the types listed above. Headings have been bolded for clarity. Includes keyword “what causes sciatica pain”.


  • Herniated Disc: When the soft inner material of a disc in the spine leaks out and irritates or compresses the adjacent nerve.

  • Spinal Stenosis: A narrowing of the spinal canal, which can put pressure on the nerves, including the sciatic nerve.

  • Degenerative Disc Disease: Wear and tear on the discs between the vertebrae, which can lead to disc herniation and nerve compression.

  • Spondylolisthesis: A condition where one vertebra slips forward over another, potentially compressing the nerves.

  • Piriformis Syndrome: Compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve by the piriformis muscle in the buttocks.


Sciatica pain symptoms


Symptoms may include:


  • Pain: Typically on one side of the lower back, buttock, and leg, ranging from mild ache to sharp or burning sensations.

  • Numbness and tingling: Along the path of the sciatic nerve, possibly reaching the foot and toes.

  • Weakness: Muscles served by the affected nerve may weaken, causing movement difficulty.


Sciatica treatments


Treatment depends on cause:


  • Pain medications – OTC or prescription for pain and inflammation.

  • Physiotherapy – Exercises to improve flexibility, strengthen muscles, and reduce pressure on the nerve.

  • Heat or cold therapy – Helps alleviate symptoms.

  • Epidural steroid injections – Reduce inflammation in specific cases.

  • Surgery – For severe or persistent cases.


Risk factors for sciatica include:


Age

Age-related spinal changes increase nerve compression risk.


Obesity

Extra weight stresses the spine.


Occupation

Jobs with heavy lifting or twisting may increase risk.


Prolonged sitting

Sitting for long periods can irritate the sciatic nerve.


Diabetes

Increases risk of nerve damage, including sciatica.


Complications


If untreated, sciatica may cause persistent pain, muscle weakness, or mobility issues. Severe cases can affect bladder or bowel control. Early intervention helps prevent long-term complications.


Prevent sciatica


Lifestyle adjustments to reduce risk:


• Maintain good posture while sitting or standing.

• Engage in regular core-strengthening exercises.

• Avoid prolonged sitting.

• Lift objects safely.

• Maintain a healthy weight.



It's important for individuals experiencing symptoms of sciatica to consult with a healthcare professional such as your physiotherapist or GP for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.



 
 
 

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